Glass

 

 

Glass is a material lutsinar, strong, resistant hakis, lengai, and is biologically inactive material, which may be formed into a resistant and slippery surfaces. These characteristics make the glass as a material that is very useful. The main component is silica glass. Silica is the mineral that contains silicon dioxide. IUPAC name of the silicon is silicon dioxide (IV) oxide. Silica in sand form a semulajadi.

Glass is one word of solid material, usually formed when molten material is cooled rapidly berkristal, by not giving it enough time to network kekisi ordinary crystals formed.

Than ordinary glass typically consists of silicon dioxide (SiO2), which is chemically similar sebatian kuarza, or in the form polihabluran, sand. Pure silica has a melting stage about 2000 Celsius, so the other two ingredients are mixed to sand in the manufacture of glass. One thereof is soda (sodium carbonate Na2CO3), or potasy, equivalent to sebatian potassium carbonate, which lowers the melting stage to about 1000 Celsius. However, the soda makes the glass soluble material, so lime (calcium oxide, CaO) is the third ingredient, plus to make the glass insoluble.

Silicon (IV) oxide is a giant covalent molecule. Accordingly, the silicon (IV) oxide haba require much effort to overcome any covalent bonds between atoms in the structure of the giant. Thus, silicon (IV) oxide has a very high melting takat, namely 1710 C. In silicon (IV) oxide, each silicon atom is covalently bonded to 4 oxygen atoms in a tetrahedron with bond angles of 109.5. Units that are not infinitely repeated with each oxygen atom bonded to two silicon atoms to form a giant covalent molecules such as the diamond structure. Glass is one word of solid material, usually formed when molten material is cooled rapidly berkristal, by not giving it enough time to network kekisi ordinary crystals formed.

One characteristic of glass is it lutsinar. Lutsinar properties due to the glass rather than the material comprising the state has no ruler changes in the atomic power of light. Also caused the glass is one word on a larger stage than the waves of light, causing the light refracted ketidaksekataan, transmitting the image block.

Pure glass may be so lutsinar sehinggakan be penetrated by hundreds of kilometers of glass infrared light waves in optical cable gentian.

Ordinary glass has a mixture of other ingredients to change the character. Black leaded glass is more shimmering reflections kerana index increased, while the boron added to change the terms and electric characteristics, such as Pyrex. Adding barium also increases the reflection index, and cerium is used in glass that absorbs infrared energy. Metal oxides are also added to the glass color change. Improved Potash soda or melting stage lower again, while manganese added to get rid of unwanted color. Stained glass is produced by mixing with a bit of transition metal oxides. For example, manganese oxide will produce purple color, and chromium oxide kuprum give a green color, and oxides kolbalt give blue.

Soda or sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 which lowers the melting stage to about 1000 C. However, the soda makes the glass soluble material, so lime (calcium oxide, CaO) is usually added to make the glass insoluble.

Occasional glass formed by volcanic lava semulajadi than in the form of obsidia.

Kinds of wood

 Kinds of wood

Teak is a kind of high-quality timber-producing trees. A large tree with a straight-trunked, it can grow to 30-40 m high. Large-leaved, which is shed in the dry season.
Teak is known world by the name of teak (English).
Sandalwood, or sandalwood fragrance, a producer of sandalwood trees and sandalwood oil. The wood is used as a spice, incense ingredients, aromatherapy, fragrance mix, and sangkurkeris (sheath). A good timber can hold scent for centuries. It is said that in Sri Lankakayu membalsam bodies are used for the daughters of the king since the 9th century. In Indonesia, this wood is found in East Nusa Tenggara, particularly on the island of Timor, although it is now found also in Java and Nusa Tenggara islands other.
Sandalwood is a parasitic plant in early life. Kecambahnya need to support the growth of host trees, because the roots themselves are not capable of supporting life. Because this is a prerequisite sandalwood difficult bred or cultivated. [2]
Fragrant sandalwood (Santalum album) is now very rare and very expensive. Wood from the area Mysoram in southern India is generally considered the best quality. In Indonesia, sandalwood from Timor is also greatly appreciated. Instead, aromatherapy and perfume experts using jenggi sandalwood (Santalum spicatum). These tree species different concentrations of the chemicals they contain, and therefore different levels of fragrance too.
Sandalwood is considered as an alternative medicine to bring people closer to God. Base oils of sandalwood, which is very expensive in its pure form, is used primarily for Ayurvedic healing way, and to relieve anxiety.
Mahogany wood is an excellent timber used for the manufacture of MABLE etc.. This kind of wood is rare among us. now that the wood has been protected by the government.
Ulin wood or also called ironwood. wood is very strong on this one as well as iron. The timber can be encountered, or we get from the island of Kalimantan. there a lot of ironwood. The wood is now protected the local government. because the wood is very rare and very difficult to obtain.
Two years sengon's popularity increased. In fact, he was known as a timber class 3. The cause? 'Very severe damage to natural forests. Degradation rate of 2.87 million ha per year, causing forest can no longer be a supplier of timber for industrial raw materials, 'said Ahmad Ridwan Pasaribu, researchers Center for Forest Products Research and Development.
According to Dr. Iskandar Zul Siregar, lecturer at the Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, in 1990 recorded 564 forest concession company with production of 28-million tons. The amount left over 247 companies that produce 11-million tons in 2003. 'Illegal logging can be 4 times more than the total production, "said Iskandar. When the shrinking forest area, on the other side of it, "Wood demand is very high and irreplaceable," said doctoral Forest Genetics and Plant Breeding alumnus Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany, it is.
When it's people and industries that require wood sengon glance. Sengon wood is not as hard as teak. However, with immersion in salt wolman, sengon wood can last 30-45 years. Wolman salt mixture of 25% sodium fl uorida, disodium hydrogen arsenate 25%, 37.5% of sodium chromate, 12.5% ​​dinitro phenol. Other technologies to strengthen sengon is biocomposites. Is not as strong as teak Sengon mixed with other wood in accordance with the designation.
No wonder if many dikebunkan sengon in various areas such as the Kudat District and the Municipality of Banjar, West Java, Waterford and Banyumas (Central Java), and Pasuruan and Karachi (East Java). Community in droves because mengebunkan sengon relatively short period of 5-10 years of cutting. Compare with the felling of teak Tectona grandisyang reach 25-35 years.
In addition, the 'Management of sengon easy cultivation, compliance is not difficult to grow, versatile wood, and improve soil quality and fertility, "says Yana Sumarna MS, researchers Center for Forest Products Research and Development. It was also submitted Sapari employee-owned PT Waskita work under the Public Works Department, which mengebunkan sengon in Ngadirojo, District Lorok, Pacitan, East Java.
'Raising sengon it easy, no risk is too great, and the market there, "said Sapari who came once a month to see the garden sengon Pacitan. For Sapari mengebunkan sengon is saving for retirement later. Currently sengon 1200 at the height of 450 m asl 3 years old. Two years from now when he's 53 years of retirement, Sapari also harvested.

Choosing Home Decorating Fabric

The selection of fabric plays an important role in decorating your home so you need to choose carefully taking into account not only the overall style of your room but also the characteristics of the cloth. If you use the wrong type of fabric or curtains for the coach can ruin the entire look. The most common type of home decor fabric may or may not suit your home. The following tips will help you to make your choice.
Silk
Silk is a luxurious choice for home decorating fabrics. It is expensive but beautiful fake and many people just love it. But as silk home decor may look a little heavy in appearance and are not suitable for many things.
If you want to use silk curtains for you by all means do so. Make sure that the colors you use are not too dark otherwise the effect may be many. The best silk for curtains when in bright colors.
As the best silk fabrics for home decorating bedroom sets. Not only does the silk sheets feel good they also look nice to add a sensual touch to your bedroom. Silk somewhat fancy but useful home decorating fabrics.
Velvet
Velvet is the fabric is quite tricky to decorate with. Although it may look good on some houses can also look very ugly in others. It all depends on the overall scheme of home decor. As a rule of velvet looks good as a coating and as the curtains at home who are struggling just to look Victorian.
But if you still want to use home decor fabric velvet as though your home does not have a look at Victoria you can do so by remembering a few things. Velvet fades easily when placed in sunlight stains difficult to remove from it and also has a tendency to pull the thread and dirt.
Cotton
If there is a home decorating fabric that works well in whatever form it is cotton. Just like cotton clothes work well for that also works well for all types of home decor. Use as upholstery for furniture or for curtains. It can easily be cleaned and fade-resistant.
Home Decor Fabric Other
If you want to use another type of home decor fabric is wise to do web research on it and compare it with other types. In addition to the Internet you can get the information required in home decorating magazines. Whatever choice you make just to make sure that the home decorating fabric that you choose is fitting into the style of your home in harmony.

Types of Cement Type

Types of Cement Type

1. Portland Cement Type I
Used for general construction purposes is not wearing the special requirements of the heat of hydration and compressive strength early. Suitable for use on land and water containing sulfuric 0, 0% - 0, 10% and can be used for building residential houses, high rise buildings, paving roads, rails structure, etc.

2. Portland cement type II.
Used for the construction of mass concrete requiring sulfate resistance (the location of the land and water containing sulfate between 0, 10-0, 20%) and heat of hydration is, for example, a building just off the sea, building dibekas wetlands, irrigation, concrete mass for the dams and the foundation of the bridge.

3. Portland cement type III
Used for the construction of buildings that require high early compressive strength at the beginning phase after binding occurs, for example, for the manufacture of concrete roads, high-level buildings, buildings that do not require water resistance to sulphate attack.

4. Portland cement type IV

Is the type of cement with low heat of hydration. This type of cement used for construction purposes and increase the amount of heat needed to be minimized. Therefore, this type of cement will have a strong level of concrete with Portland slower than type I. This type of cement used for massive concrete structures such as large gravity dams where the temperature rise due to heat generated during the curing process is a critical factor.

5. Portland cement type V
Used for the construction of the buildings on the land / water containing sulfate exceeds 0, 20% and is suitable for installation of sewage treatment plant, construction of water, bridges, tunnels, ports, and nuclear power.

6. Super Masonry Cement
This cement can be used for residential construction of buildings, roads and irrigation structures 225 K maximum concrete. Can also be used as raw material for the manufacture of concrete roof tiles, hollow brick, Block Paving, tiles and other building materials.

7. Oil Well Cement, Class G-HSR (High Sulfate Resistance).
Special cement is used for the manufacture of petroleum wells and the construction of natural gas wells under the sea and earth, who has produced OWC is a class G, HSR (High Sulfate Resistance) is also known as "BASIC OWC". adaptive can be added for use in a variety of depths and temperatures.

8. Portland Composite Cement (PCC)
Fulfill the same strict quality cement Portland Composite Cement SNI 15-7064-2004. Can be widely used for general construction in all concrete. Structure-rise buildings, bridge structures, concrete road structures, building materials, concrete pre-press and pre-press, masonry, Plastering and skim, concrete panels, paving block, hollow brick, brick, tile, cut tile, more tractable, the temperature of the concrete lower so it is not easy to crack, more resistant to sulfate, the more water-resistant and skim the surface smoother.

9. Super "Portland Pozzolan Cement '(PPC).
Cement that meets the quality requirements Pozzoland SNI 15-0302-2004 Portland cement and ASTM C 595 M-05 s. Can be widely used such as:
- Mass concrete construction (dams, dams and irrigation)
- Concrete Construction which require resistance to sulphate attack (building by the beach, marshland).
- Buildings / installations that require a higher kekedapan.
- The couple and plastering work.

Following kinds

Everyone knows that the tiles serve to shield the house from rain, heat both night and daytime
or tile roofs made ​​of clay, the following kinds of tile images.

Building materials of brick

Building materials of brick

Than similar bricks made ​​of clay molded in the form of four terms and was burned in relau, Iglu typical form. After two-three days of burning, the color changed to reddish and to foster more high-grade and residential buildings.

RED BRICK

A. RED BRICK PRESS "Exposé"

Selection is made from clay

Brick-making process using a machine press

Through burning by using WOOD FUEL

Size: length 21 cm, width 10 cm and height 5 cm

Heavy brick: 1.5 kg to 1.7 kg

Price: Rp. 600/buah (not including postage)

Normal to the walls without plaster

B. RED BRICK PRESS "ORDINARY"

Selection is made from clay

Brick-making process using a machine press

Through burning by using WOOD FUEL

Size: length 21 cm, width 10 cm and height 5 cm

Heavy brick: 1.5 kg to 1.7 kg

Price: Rp. 420/buah (not including postage)

B. BATA lie down - "MANUAL"

Selection is made from clay

Making process is done manually

Combustion using the Grain (huut)

Size: Length 19 cm, width 9 cm high and 4 cm

Price: Rp. 350 / fruit (not including postage)

Building materials of brick